Purification of triphosphorylated oligonucleotides using capture tags

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method of preparing triphosphate-modified oligonucleotides using a capture tag. The method allows the synthesis and purification of triphosphate-modified oligonucleotides in high yield and purity suitable for pharmaceutical applications.

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 14/007,752 filed Sep. 26, 2013, which is a 35 U.S.C. 371 National Phase Entry Application from PCT/EP2012/055520, filed Mar. 28, 2012, which claims the benefit of Europe Patent Application No. 11160032.6 filed on Mar. 28, 2011, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

The present invention relates to a method of preparing triphosphate-modified oligonucleotides using a capture tag. The method allows the synthesis and purification of triphosphate-modified oligonucleotides in high yield and purity suitable for pharmaceutical applications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Schlee et al., Immunity, 2009, 31, 25-34 describe blunt-ended double stranded RNAs carrying a 5′-O-triphosphate moiety on one of the strands that act as potent stimulators of the immune system by binding the RIG-I helicase. Thus, there is a need to provide a simple and efficient method for preparing triphosphate-modified oligonucleotides in high purity, suitable for pharmaceutical applications.

The coupling of triphosphate groups or analogues thereof to the 5′-OH group of nucleosidic compounds is well known in the art. Ludwig J. et al., J. Org. Chem., 1989, 54, 631-635 disclose a solution triphosphorylation method for preparing 5′-O-triphosphates of nucleosides and analogues using 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one as the phosphitylating agent. Gaur R. K. et al.,1992, Tetrahedron Letters, 33, 3301-3304 describe the use of said method on solid-phase for the synthesis of 2′-O-methylribonucleoside 5′-O-triphosphates and their P_(α)-thio analogues. U.S. Pat. No. 6,900,308 B2 discloses the solid-phase synthesis of modified nucleoside 5′-O-triphosphates as potential antiviral compounds and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,285,658, 7,598,230 and 7,807,653 disclose triphosphate analogues of nucleosides with modifications in the sugar, nucleobase and in the triphosphate entity. WO96/40159 describes a method for producing capped RNA or RNA analogue molecules, wherein an RNA or RNA analogue oligonucleotide is reacted with a phosphitylating agent such as 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one or a ring-substituted derivative thereof. The resulting intermediate is reacted with a phosphate or pyrophosphate or salt thereof, oxidized or hydrolyzed. The di- or triphosphorylated RNA or RNA analogue is capped by reacting with an activated m⁷G tri-, di- or monophosphate or analogue.

WO 2009/060281 describes immune stimulatory oligoribonucleotide analogues containing modified oligophosphate moieties and methods for the preparation of such compounds. This method includes the synthesis of the oligonucleotide on a solid support, reacting a nucleotide at a 5′-end of the oligonucleotide with a phosphitylating agent such as 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one in a suitable solvent and in the presence of a base, reacting the phosphitylated oligonucleotide with a pyrophosphate or pyrophosphate analogue, oxidizing the oligonucleotide with an oxidizing agent and deprotecting the oligonucleotide to give a triphosphate- or triphosphate analogue-modified oligonucleotide.

Polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis as employed in WO 96/40159 is applicable only for small scale separations. The resolution power of ion exchange chromatography for 5′-mono-, di-, triphosphorylated products of longer oligoribonucleotides is limited. The required denaturing conditions make separation a tedious task (Sproat, 1999; Zlatev, 2010; WO 2009/060281), moreover, products are usually contaminated with n-1, n-2 sequences and their mono- and diphosphates resulting in insufficient purity. Given the sensitivity for precise terminal structures of the RIG-I ligands, these purification methods are suboptimal for pharmacological applications.

Dual targeting strategies (siRNA and RIG ligand) require general sequence independent purification methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is highly desirable to produce 5′-O-triphosphorylated oligonucleotides and their analogues in large scale for potential clinical use, and a convenient preparation method would be highly desirable. In the present application it is shown that the 5′-O-cyclotriphosphate intermediate of a solid-phase bound fully protected oligonucleotide (see FIG. 1) can be ring opened with a capture tag, e.g. decylamine to give a linear P_(γ) tagged species that is stable to the deprotection of the RNA. The nature of the tag is such as to impart a specific retention of the capture tagged triphosphate species on a capture tag specific reagent, enabling easy separation from the impurities that do not contain the tag. The tag can be subsequently removed if desired. The method can be extended to encompass analogues of the triphosphate moietity, e.g. analogues containing for instance β,γ-methylene, fluoromethylene, difluoromethylene and imino groups replacing an oxygen atom.

Advantages of the capture tagging method are simple purification and improved recovery of the desired species, e.g. at room temperature by RP-HPLC or affinity chromatography, optionally followed by cleavage of the capture tag under suitable conditions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention describes the synthesis and purification of oligonucleotide triphosphates, including analogues thereof that contain capture tags. The most widely employed method for the HPLC purification of standard 5′-OH oligonucelotides is reversed phase chromatography of trityl-ON oligonucleotides.

The method described in this invention offers a practical solution with similar efficacy for 5′-triphosphorylated oligonucleotides.

Thus, a subject-matter of the present invention is a method of preparing an oligonucleotide of formula (I),

-   -   wherein V₁, V₃ and V₅ are independently in each case selected         from O, S and Se;     -   V₂, V₄ and V₆ are independently in each case selected from OH,         OR¹, SH, SR¹, F, NH₂, NHR¹, N(R¹)₂ and BH₃ ⁻M⁺,     -   W₁ is O or S,     -   W₂ is O, S, NH or NR²,     -   W₃ is O, S, NH, NR², CH₂, CHHal or C(Hal)₂,     -   R¹, R² and R³ are selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆         alkynyl, O₂₋₆ acyl or a cyclic group, each optionally         substituted,     -   or wherein two R¹ may form a ring together with an N-atom bound         thereto,     -   M⁺ is a cation,     -   X is NH, NR³, O or S,     -   Z represents a capture tag,     -   Y represents a bond or a linker connecting the capture tag to X,         and ON represents an oligonucleotide comprising at least 4         nucleotide or nucleotide analogue building blocks,     -   comprising the steps:     -   (a) reacting a compound of formula (IIa)

-   -   -   wherein V₁, V₃, V₅, V₄, V₆, W₁, W₂, W₃, and ON are as             defined above, with an oxidizing agent to obtain a compound             of formula (IIb)

-   -   -   wherein V₁, V₃, V₅, V₂, V₄, V₆, W₁, W₂, W₃ and ON are as             defined above,         -   (b) reacting the oxidized compound with a capture tag agent             of formula (III),             Z—Y—XH   (III)         -   wherein X, Z, and Y are as described above to obtain a             reaction product comprising the oligonucleotide of formula             (I), and         -   (c) contacting the reaction product of step (b) with a             reagent capable of interacting with the capture tag under             conditions which allow separation of the oligonucleotide (I)             from other species contained in said reaction product.

Optionally, the method further comprises the step (d) removing the capture tag to obtain an oligonucleotide of formula (IV),

wherein V₁, V₃, V₅, V₂, V₄, V₆, W₁, W₂, W₃ and ON are as described above. This step is carried out under conditions which do not cause degradation of the triphosphate moiety, e.g. as described in detail below.

In further embodiments, the capture tag is not or not completely removed. In these embodiments, the tagged oligonucleotide as such may have utility, e.g. utility as pharmaceutical agent.

The term “oligonucleotide” in the context of the present application encompasses compounds comprising a plurality, e.g. at least 4 nucleotide or nucleotide analogue building blocks. Preferably, the oligonucleotide comprises 6-100, e.g. 20-40 building blocks. The nucleotide or nucleotide analogue building blocks may comprise nucleoside or nucleoside analogue subunits connected by inter-subunit linkages. The nucleoside subunits include deoxyribonucleoside subunits, ribonucleoside subunits and/or analogues thereof, particularly sugar- and/or nucleobase-modified nucleoside analogues. Further, the oligonucleotides may comprise non-nucleotidic building blocks and/or further terminal and/or side-chain modifications.

In preferred sugar-modified subunits the 2′-OH of a ribonucleoside subunit is replaced by a group selected from OR, R, halo, SH, SR, NH₂, NHR, NR₂ or CN, wherein R is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl or C₂₋₆ alkynyl and halo is F, Cl, Br or I. In further preferred sugar-modified subunits, the ribose may be substituted, e.g. by another sugar, for example a pentose such as arabinose. This sugar modification may be combined with 2′-OH modifications as described above, such as in 2′-fluoroarabinonucleoside subunits. Still further preferred sugar-modified subunits include locked nucleosides (LNA) or 2′,3′-seco-nucleosides (UNA). In preferred nucleobase-modified nucleosidic building blocks, a non-standard, e.g. non-naturally occurring nucleobase, is used instead of a standard nucleobase. Examples of non-standard nucleobases are uracils or cytosines modified at the 5-position, e.g. 5-(2-amino)propyl uracil or 5-bromouracil; hypoxanthine; 2,6-diaminopurine; adenines or guanines modified at the 8-position, e.g. 8-bromoguanine; deazanucleosides, e.g. 7-deazaguanine or 7-deazaadenine; or O- and N-alkylated nucleobases, e.g. N⁶-methyladenine, or N⁶,N⁶-dimethyladenine. Further suitable nucleobase analogues may be selected from universal nucleobase analogues such as 5-nitroindole.

The inter-subunit linkage between subunits may be a phosphodiester linkage or a modified linkage, e.g. a phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, methylphosphonate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphate, or another modified linkage known to a skilled person in the art.

The oligonucleotide may be selected from deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogues. Analogues of desoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides may comprise at least one desoxyribonucleoside or ribonucleoside subunit and at least one modified nucleosidic subunit and/or at least one modified inter-subunit linkage, e.g. as described above. Oligonucleotide analogues may also consist in their entirety of modified nucleosidic subunits.

The oligonucleotide may be a single-stranded molecule or a double-stranded molecule. Double-stranded oligonucleotides may comprise completely or partially complementary strands. Double-stranded molecules may be blunt-ended or comprise at least one overhang, e.g. a 5′- or 3′-overhang. Overhangs, if present, are preferably located at the distal end of the molecule (with regard to the triphosphate/triphosphate analogue group). Double-stranded oligonucleotides may also comprise a hairpin-structure, wherein the duplex is closed by a loop at the distal end thereof (with regard to the triphosphate/triphosphate analogue group). The loop may comprise nucleotide and/or non-nucleotide building blocks, for example diol-based building blocks such as ethylene glycol moieties, e.g. tri(ethylene)glycol or hexa(ethylene)glycol; propane-1,3-diol; dodecane-1,12-diol; or 3,12-dioxa-7,8-dithiatetradecane-1,14-diol.

In a preferred embodiment, double-stranded molecules are blunt-ended, particularly at the proximal end thereof (with regard to the triphosphate/triphosphate analogue group).

The oligonucleotide may comprise further terminal and/or side-chain modifications, e.g. cell specific targeting entities covalently attached thereto. Those entities may promote cellular or cell-specific uptake and include, for example lipids, vitamins, hormones, peptides, oligosaccharides and analogues thereof. Targeting entities may e.g. be attached to modified nucleobases or non-nucleotidic building blocks by methods known to the skilled person.

The oligonucleotide of formula (I) or (IV) comprises a triphosphate/triphosphate analogue group. In this group, V₁, V₃ and V₅ are independently selected from O, S and Se. Preferably, V₁, V₃ and V₅ are O. V₂, V₄ and V₆ are in each case independently selected from OH, OR¹, SH, SR¹, F, NH₂, NHR¹, N(R¹)₂ and BH₃ ⁻M⁺. Preferably, V₂, V₄ and V₆ are OH. R¹ may be C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₂₋₆ acyl or a cyclic group, e.g. a C₃₋₈ cyclo(hetero)alkyl group, a C₃₋₈ cyclo(hetero)alkenyl group, phenyl or C₅₋₆ heteroaryl group, wherein heteroatoms are selected from N, O and S. Further, two R¹ may form a ring, e.g. a 5- or 6-membered ring together with an N-atom bound thereto. R¹ may also comprise substituents such as halo, e.g. F, Cl, Br or I, O(halo)C₁₋₂ alkyl and—in the case of cyclic groups—(halo)C₁₋₂ alkyl. M⁺ may be an inorganic or organic cation, e.g. an alkali metal cation or an ammonium or amine cation.

W₁ may be O or S. Preferably, W₁ is O. W₂ may be O, S, NH or NR². Preferably, W₂ is O. W₃ may be O, S, NH, NR², CH₂, CHHal or C(Hal)₂.

Preferably, W₃ is O, CH₂ or CF₂. R² may be selected from groups as described for R¹ above. Hal may be F, Cl, Br or I.

The triphosphate/triphosphate analogue group is preferably attached to a terminus of the oligonucleotide. Preferably, the group is attached to the 5′-terminus of the oligonucleotide, particularly to the 5′-OH-group of the 5′-terminal sugar thereof.

Step (a) of the method of the invention comprises the reaction of cyclic P(V)-P(V)-P(III) species of formula (IIa) with an oxidizing agent. The compound of formula (IIa) may be obtained according to standard methods as described by Ludwig et al, 1989, supra and Gaur et al., 1992, supra, namely by reacting the 5′-terminal OH-group of an oligonucleotide with a trifunctional phosphitylating agent, e.g. 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one under suitable conditions, e.g. in the presence of base (pyridine or diisopropylmethylamine) in a suitable solvent such as dioxane or dichloromethane, and subsequent reaction with pyrophosphate (W₃═O) or a modified pyrophosphate (W₃ is different from O, e.g. CH₂, CCl₂, NH or CF₂). Preferably, a tri-n-butylammonium salt of the pyrophosphate or modified pyrophosphate in DMF is used. The resulting cyclic P(III)-P(V) intermediate (IIa) is then oxidized under anhydrous conditions, e.g. with a peroxide, such as t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, (10-camphorsulfonyl)oxaziridine. Alternatively, phenylacetyldisulfide (V₂═S), or borane-diisopropylethylamine complex (V₂═BH₃) can also be employed respectively, to give the corresponding cyclic 5′-triphosphate/triphosphate analogue of formula (IIb). Reference in this context is also made to WO 96/40159 or WO 2009/060281, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Reaction step (a) may take place with an oligonucleotide in solution or with an oligonucleotide bound to a solid phase, e.g. an organic resin or glass, such as CPG. The oligonucleotide may further comprise protecting groups, e.g. sugar- or nucleobase protecting groups that are well known to the skilled person. Preferred examples of protecting groups are 2-cyanoethyl for the internucleoside phosphodiester or phosphorothioate, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyloxymethyl or bis(acetoxyethoxy)methyl for the ribose 2′-hydroxyl group, 4-t-butylphenoxyacetyl or phenoxyacetyl, acetyl, isobutyryl, benzoyl for the exocyclic amino groups of the nucleobases. More preferably, step (a) is carried out with a solid-phase bound oligonucleotide.

According to step (b) of the method of the invention, compound (IIb) is reacted with a capture tag agent of formula (III) Z—Y—XH   (III) wherein X is a group selected from NH, NR³, O or S. R³ is defined as described above for R¹. Preferably, X is NH or S.

The capture tag is functionally defined below by a series of plausible Examples. A general rule may be:

Z has to allow a convenient purification, and it should be removable under conditions which are compatible with pppRNA stability requirements.

Y represents a chemical bond or a linker, e.g. an alkylene, preferably a C₁₋₆-alkylene linker, more preferably a C₂₋₆-alkylene linker, or aralkylene linker, optionally comprising heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups, such as O, S, NH, C═O or C═S, and/or optionally comprising C═C or C≡C bonds.

In another preferred embodiment the linker is a polyalkylene oxide, preferably a poly-C₂-C₆-alkylene oxide, more preferably a poly-C₂-C₃-alkylene oxide. The number average molecular weight of the linker may be in the range from 30-800 g/mol, preferably from 40-450 g/mol, more preferably from 40-250 g/mol. The linker may be [—CH₂CHR⁴—O—]_(n) with n=1-10, preferably n=1-7, more preferably n=2-5, and even more preferably n=3. R⁴ may be H or C₁₋₆-alkyl.

In a preferred embodiment R⁴ is H.

In an especially preferred embodiment the linker has the formula —CH₂—CH₂—[(O—CH₂CH₂)]₃—.

Reaction step (b) may take place with an oligonucleotide in solution or with an oligonucleotide bound to a solid phase, e.g. an organic resin or glass. The oligonucleotide may further comprise protecting groups as described above. More preferably, step (b) is carried out with a solid phase-bound oligonucleotide.

The capture tag Z according to the present invention is a moiety capable of non-covalently or covalently interacting with a capture reagent under conditions which allow separation for compounds comprising the capture tag, e.g. the oligonucleotide (I) from other species, which do not contain the capture tag. Preferably, the capture reagent is an immobilized reagent or a reagent capable of being immobilized.

Suitable capture tags are for instance long-chain, e.g. C₈₋₂₄, preferably C₁₃₋₂₄ aliphatic alkyl residues such as decyl or octadecyl or other lipidic/lipophilic residues such as e.g. cholesteryl or tocopheryl. In this case, the tagged triphosphate entity can be captured and purified on a solid phase by standard reversed phase chromatography, e.g. RP-HPLC, or by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). The capture tag may also be a perfluoroalkyl entity, e.g. a 4-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)benzyl or a 3-(perfluorooctyl)propyl residue for specific capture of the modified oligo-triphosphate on a Fluorous Affinity support such as is commercially available from Fluorous Technologies, Inc.

In another embodiment, the capture tag may be a first partner of a non-covalent high-affinity binding pair, such as biotin, or a biotin analogue such as desthiobiotin, a hapten or an antigen, which has a high affinity (e.g. binding constant of 10⁻⁶ l/mol or less) with the capture reagent, which is a second complementary partner of the high-affinity binding pair, e.g. a streptavidin, an avidin or an antibody.

In yet another embodiment, the capture tag may be a first partner of a covalent binding pair, which may form a covalent bond with the capture reagent, which is a second complementary partner of the covalent binding pair, wherein the covalent bond may be a reversible or an irreversible bond. In this embodiment, the capture tag component Z may be a reactive chemical entity such as an azide or alkynyl group enabling covalent reaction with a capture reagent that contains a complementary reactive group, e.g. an alkynyl or azido moiety, respectively, in the case of the Husigen 3+2 cycloaddition reaction (the so-called “click-reaction” that is Cu(I) catalyzed or a variant thereof that proceeds without Cu(I) ions via release of severe ring strain in e.g. cyclooctyne derivatives). A specific example for Z—Y—X in such a case would be propargylamino.

In another embodiment, the capture tag component may be a chemical entity which contains an additional nucleophilic group, for instance a second amino group in an NH₂—Y—XH type reagent. A wide range of suitable electrophilic Z reagent such as cholesterol, chloroformiate or biotin N-hydroxy succinimide active esters may then be used to introduce the tagging group while the oligonucleotide is attached to the solid phase, thus significantly extending the scope of the tagging reaction.

In a preferred embodiment the capture tag is a long-chain alkyl residue, a perfluoroalkyl entity, an azide or an alkynyl group.

Moreover, Y may optionally contain a disulfide bond to enable recovery of the modified triphosphorylated oligonucleotide with a free sulfhydryl moiety connected via part of the linker through X to the γ-phosphorus.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the oligonucleotide may carry a second capture tag at a different position, e.g. at the 3′-terminus. The first and the second capture tags are preferably selected as to allow purification by two orthogonal methods to enable recovery of extremely high purity material. For example the first capture tag may be a lipophilic group, which interacts with a suitable chromatographic support and the second capture tag may be biotin, which interacts with streptavidin.

The second capture tag may be conveniently introduced by performing the synthesis using a modified CPG (controlled glass support) for oligoribonucleotide synthesis.

Step (c) of the method of the present invention comprises contacting the reaction product of step (b), with a capture reagent capable of interacting with the capture tag Z under conditions which allow separation of the capture tag containing oligonucleotide (I) from other species contained in the reaction product. Before step (c), the solid phase bound oligonucleotide (I) is cleaved from the solid phase and deprotected, i.e. the protection groups are partially or completely removed. The capture reagent is preferably immobilized on a suitable support, e.g. a chromatographic support. In order to provide separation of capture tag containing oligonucleotide (I) from non-capture tag-containing species, the reaction products from step (b) are cleaved from a solid phase and deprotected, if necessary, and subjected to a separation procedure, preferably a chromatographic separation procedure based on the interaction of the capture tag Z with the capture reagent. During the separation step, the purity of the oligonucleotide (I), which is generally in the range of 25-70% for the crude material depending upon the length and complexity of the sequence, may be increased to 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or more. For toxicity studies a purity of >85% is desirable, whereas in late stage clinical trials the purity should be in the range of at least 90-95%. Thus, the present invention provides a way to obtain a high purity pppRNA as would be required for human clinical trials.

In step (c), the capture tag and the capture reagent capable of interacting therewith are preferably selected from (i) a hydrophobic or fluorinated group and a chromatographic material with affinity for hydrophobic or fluorinated groups, e.g. a reversed phase material or a fluorous affinity support; (ii) a first partner of a non-covalent high-affinity binding pair and a second complementary partner of a non-covalent high-affinity binding pair, (iii) a first partner of a covalent binding pair and a second complementary partner of a covalent binding pair, where the first and second partner form covalent bonds.

After the purification step (c), capture tag Z may be cleaved from the triphosphate-modified oligonucleotide in a further step (d) resulting in an untagged oligonucleotide (IV).

Step (d) has to be compatible with stability requirements of the triphosphate end product and with stability requirements of the interribonucleotide bond. It may comprise cleavage by mildly acidic conditions when X is NH, cleavage with silver ions when X is S, cleavage by a thiol such as dithiothreitol leading to elimination of thiirane when Y—X—P contains —S—S—CH₂—CH₂—O—P.

In further embodiments, the capture tag set remains completely or partially on the triphosphate-modified oligonucleotide, particularly when the tagged oligonucleotide is suitable for pharmaceutical applications. In these embodiments, the reagent Z—Y—XH has to be selected from a subgroup of Z-residues, which are functionally compatible with the structural requirements of the RIG-I sensor. For instance, the Z=decyl-octadecyl, Y=link XH═NH combination is known to fulfill these requirements.

The triphosphate/triphosphate analogue modified oligonucleotides produced according to the present invention are particularly suitable for pharmaceutical applications due to their high purity. In an especially preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotide (I) or (IV) is an activator of RIG-1 helicase. Specific examples of suitable RIG-1 activators are disclosed in Schlee et al., 2009, supra, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference.

In another embodiment the present invention refers to oligonucleotides of Formula (I), obtainable by a method according to the present invention.

Still another subject-matter of the invention is the use of a kit for preparing an oligonucleotide of formula (I)

wherein V₁, V₃, V₅, V₂, V₄, V₆, W₁, W₂, W₃, X, Y, Z and ON are defined as above,

wherein the kit comprises (a) a capture tag agent of formula (III) Z—Y—XH   (III)

wherein X, Z and Y are defined as above, and

(b) a capture reagent capable of interacting with the capture tag.

Still another subject-matter of the invention is a modified oligonucelotide of formula (I)

wherein

-   X is NH, O, R—O—[P(V₁)V₂—W₁]_(n) or R—O'P(V₃)V₄—W₂—P—(V₁)V₂—W₁, -   n is 1-12, preferably 1 or 2, -   Y is a bond, -   Z is C₁₃-C₂₄ alkyl, Q or QNHC₂-C₂₄ alkyl, -   Q is selected from H, aminoacids, aminoacid analogues, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl,     preferably C₁₂-C₂₄ alkyl, peptides and lipids, -   R is C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl and lipids, -   R is C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, C₂-C₂₄ acyl or a     cyclic group, and optionally substituted, -   and V₁, V₂, V₃, V₄, V₅, V₆, W₁, W₂, W₃ and ON are defined as in any     one of claims 1-11, wherein V₁, V₂, V₃, V₄, V₅, V₆, W₁, W₂ and W₃     are preferably O.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention a modified oligonucleotide of formula (I) has X being NH. This embodiment preferably has Z being Q or Z being QNHC₂-C₂₄ alkyl, wherein in a particularly preferred embodiment C₂-C₂₄ alkyl is C₂ alkyl and/or Q is H. Particularly preferred embodiments of the identified oligonucleotide according to the invention are shown in FIG. 8.

Further, the present invention shall be explained in more detail by the following Figures and Examples.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic overview of the method of the invention using a decyl residue as capture tag Z

FIGS. 2A-C shows RP-HPLC purification of pppRNA via n-decyl-NH-pppRNA intermediate

(A) crude reaction mixture containing 65% n-decyl-NH-pppRNA (peak at 14 min);

(B) isolated n-decyl-NH-pppRNA;

(C) pppRNA; the pH=3.8 60 min hydrolysis product from B

In FIG. 2 the x-axis means time [min] and the y-axis means absorbance at 260 nm [mAu].

The broad peak at 10 min retention time in A contains the nonphosphorylated 24-mer, shorter synthesis failure sequences, the minor pppRNA hydrolysis product and the 5′-H-phosphonate derivative of the 24-mer. The insert shows the position of pppRNA and 5′-OH RNA in this system.

Column: Hamilton PRP-1 4.1×250 mm, 10 μm

Gradient: 1-100% B in 18 min, A=0.05 M TEAB; C=80% Methanol 0.05 M TEAB

FIGS. 3A-C shows MALDI-TOF spectra (x-axis: mass [Da]) corresponding to HPLC traces A, B and C in FIG. 2 respectively.

(A) spectrum recorded from the crude reaction mixture after desalting showing the presence of n-decyl-NH-ppp RNA (24d), pppRNA (24c), 5′-H-phosphonate RNA(24b) and 5′-OH -RNA(24a) and shorter synthesis failure sequences indicated as peaks 12-23;

(B) spectrum recorded from HPLC isolated n-decyl-NHpppRNA (B),

(C) spectrum of pure pppRNA as obtained from the direct EtOH precipitation of the pH=3.8 hydrolysis product of n-decyl-NH-pppRNA

FIGS. 4A-B shows a reaction scheme explaining the generation of side products 24 a-c

FIG. 5 shows the time course for the conversion of n-decyl-NH-pppRNA to pppRNA via acidic hydrolysis of the phosphoramidate bond.

FIGS. 6A-C shows typical MALDI spectra (x-axis: mass [Da]) of 21-mer, 24-mer, 27-mer pppRNA products as obtained after capture tag removal and EtOH precipitation as Na+salt. The correct mass peak is observed at m/z 6911.6 (A), m/z 7828 (B), m/z 8808.1 (C) and the peaks at m/z 3462 (A), m/z 3918 (B), 4408 (C) are due to the doubly charged pppRNA, respectively. Similar quality spectra have been obtained in more than 50 examples with a variety of sequences containing nucleoside analogs and 3′ modifications in the 15-42-mer range.

FIG. 7A shows a semipreparative scale reversed phase HPLC purification of a 1 μmol scale reaction of decyl-NHpppRNA 21 mer on a 7 mm Hamilton PRP-1 column

Column: Hamilton PRP-1 7×250 mm, 10 μm Flow rate 3 mL/min.

Gradient: 1-80% B in 50 min, A=0.1 M TEAB; B=80% Methanol 0.1 M TEAB

FIG. 7B and FIG. 7C show semipreparative scale reversed phase HPLC purifications, in particular showing how the inventive method is able to deal with sub-optimal synthesis and/or 5′-phosphorylation conditions.

In all figures the x-axis is volume [ml] and the y-axis is absorbance at 260 nm [mAu].

FIG. 8 shows especially preferred modified oligonucleotides of formula (I).

FIGS. 9A-B shows the synthesis of compounds F-TAG-pppRNA and N3-TAG-pppRNA (A) and the strategy for reversible covalent immobilisation using N3-TAG RNA (B)

FIGS. 10A-B shows MALDI spectra of F-TAG-pppRNA (A) N3-TAG-pppRNA (B)

FIG. 11 shows the RP-HPLC analysis of pppRNA and n-alkyl-NH-pppRNAs with alkyl residues of increasing chain length:

-   -   A. pppRNA, RT=9.3 min     -   B. n-decyl-NH-pppRNA, RT=13.8 min,     -   C. n-dodecyl-NH-pppRNA, RT=15.5 min     -   D. n-tetradecyl-NH-pppRNA, RT=17.3 min     -   E. n-octadecyl-NH-pppRNA, RT=19.7 min

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of a 5′-Triphosphate Modified Oligonucleotide Using a Decyl Amine Capture Tag Purification Step.

An overview of the reaction scheme described in Example 1 is shown in FIG. 1.

Step 1: Dissolve 203 mg (1 mmol) of 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one in 1 mL of dry dioxane in a 10 mL septum vial under argon.

Step 2: Dry the synthesis column containing the fully protected RNA that has been detitrylated and thoroughly washed with acetonitrile, in vacuum for 12 h. Wash the column contents thoroughly by repeatedly drawing in and expelling 2 mL of anhydrous dioxane/pyridine solution, 3:1 (v/v) in an argon atmosphere.

Step 3: Add into a vial first 2 mL of pyridine/dioxane, 3:1 v/v followed by 100 μL of 1 M 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one solution in dry dioxane to give a 50 mM solution of the phosphitylating reagent, e.g. 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-one, in dioxane/pyridine, 3:1 (v/v). Homogenize the solution by gently shaking. Start the reaction by drawing the 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one solution through the synthesis column from the vial.

During the reaction, repeatedly draw in and expel the 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one containing solution from the synthesis column, in order to allow thorough contact and good mixing with the solid phase supported RNA. A 30 min reaction time usually gives near quantitative reaction of the free 5′-OH group of the support bound oligomer in the 20-40 nt range.

Step 4: After a 30 min reaction time expel the dioxane/pyridine solution containing the excess phosphitylating agent into a waste container, fill a new syringe with a vortexed mixture of 1 mL of 0.5 M (Bu₃NH)₂ pyrophosphate in dry DMF and 238 μL (1 mmol) of dry Bu₃N to give a 0.5 M (Bu₃N)₄ pyrophosphate solution. Push this solution through the column thereby replacing the dioxane/pyridine solution. The large excess of the pyrophosphate ensures a quantitative conversion of the intermediate to the P(III)-P(V) cyclic anhydride IIa. Step 5: Wash the column with 3 mL of CH₃CN to remove the DMF and excess PP_(i), and to fill the column reactor with dry CH₃CN.

Step 6: Dissolve 300 μL of t-BuOOH (5.5 M solution in decane, Sigma-Aldrich) in 2 mL of anhydrous CH₃CN to give an approximately 0.7 M homogeneous solution. Contact the synthesis support with this solution for 15 min in order to obtain the oxidized P(V) cyclic anhydride IIb.

Step 7: Wash the column with 3 mL of dry CH₃CN to remove the excess peroxide and fill it with dry CH₃CN.

Step 8: Dissolve 300 μL of dry decylamine in 1 mL of dry CH₃CN under argon and bring the solution in contact with the support in the column. Move the decylamine solution through the support. The contact time of the CPG with the amine solution should be 3 min.

Step 9: Wash the column thoroughly with 9 mL acetonitrile, then dry the column contents by flushing argon through it.

Step 10—First stage of the deprotection: Pass 1 mL of deprotection solution (40% aq. methylamine/conc. aq. ammonia 1:1 v/v. AMA reagent) through the support for 2-3 times. After a contact of 30 min transfer the solution into a new vial. Wash the support with same volume of AMA deprotection solution and combine the washings. Heat the combined solution and washings for 10 min at 65° C. After cooling on ice, concentrate the solution to a volume of 300-500 μL, then evaporate to dryness.

Step 11—Removal of the 2′-O-TBDMS protecting groups: Dry the residue by addition and coevaporation of 300 μL of dry EtOH, add 1 mL of dry 1 M TBAF (tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride) in THF, seal tightly and put on a shaker for 16 h. Quench the reaction with 1 mL of sterile aqueous 1 M TEAB (triethylammonium bicarbonate), and desalt it on a NAP™-25 (Nucleic Acid Purification) column using sterile water as eluent. Filtration through a sterile 2 μm filter may be necessary at this step. Combine and evaporate the UV-absorbing fractions to a volume of 150 μL, add 100 mL of 1 M TEAB pH8 and store the solution frozen at −20° C. until the HPLC purification can be performed. The decyl-NHpppRNA product is stable at −20° C. for weeks at pH 7-8.

Step 12—HPLC purification: The reaction product from an 1 μmol scale reaction mixture from step 11 was loaded into a 7×25 mm PRP-1 column (Hamilton). Purification was performed using a linear gradient buffer B from 0 to 80% in 50 min at a flow rate of 3 mL/min. Buffer A is 100 mM TEAB and buffer B is 100 mM TEAB in methanol/water 8:2 v/v. A typical example of a 27-mer purification is shown in FIG. 7A.

Fractions 5 and 6 are collected, evaporated on a rotary evaporator and desalted by several coevaporations with dry methanol, The residue (approx. 200-250 nmol of decyl-NHpppRNA) was dissolved in water and transferred into a screw cap Eppendorf vial.

Step 13—Removal of the decylamine tag: 100 nmol of decyl-NHpppRNA was dissolved in 400 μL of pH 3.8 deprotection buffer in a 2 mL Eppendorf tube, and the sealed tube was heated at 60° C. for 70 min. These conditions result in quantitative cleavage of the phosphoramidate bond with no degradation of the triphosphate moiety. Then the reaction mixture was cooled on ice and 25 μL of sterile 5 M NaCl solution and 1.2 mL of absolute EtOH were added. After thorough mixing the solution was kept at −20° C. overnight to precipitate the pppRNA. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation, washed with cold ethanol, dried on a SpeedVac, then dissolved in 500 mL of sterile water and stored frozen at −20° C.

TABLE 1 Summary of the reaction conditions for introduction of the 5′-terminal decyl-NHppp-residue. 1 μmol scale synthesis column containing support bound detitrylated RNA Step Reagent Time 1 3 mL dioxane/pyridine, 3:1 v/v wash → 2 50 mM 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin- 30 min

4-one in 2 mL of dioxane/pyridine, 3:1 v/v 3 1 mL of 0.5M (Bu₃NH)₂PP, in DMF plus 238 μL 10 min

of Bu₃N 4 3 mL of dry acetonitrile wash → 5 300 μL of t-BuOOH (5.5M in decane) in 2 mL of 15 min

CH₃CN 6 3 mL of dry acetonitrile Wash → 7 300 μL of n-decylamine in 1 mL of dry acetonitrile  3 min

(1.1M decylamine) 8 10 mL of acetonitrile wash →

 bidirectional movements of reagents, → unidirectional washing step

In analogous manner, a 5′-triphosphate modified oligonucleotide was also synthesized and purified using an octadecyl or a cholesteryl capture tag.

EXAMPLE 2

Preparation of Triphosphate Oligonucleotides Using Non-Lipophilic Capture Tags

(F-TAG-pppRNA and N₃-TAG-pppRNA)

In order to demonstrate the utility of non-lipophilic interaction based purification strategies the pppRNA derivatives F-TAG-RNA and N3-TAG-RNA were prepared (see FIG. 9). All steps of the synthesis are identical with the procedure described in Example 1 except that in step 8 of FIG. 1, 2 mL of a 0.1 M solution of 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-Heptadecafluoroundecylamine in anhydrous acetonitrile was used for the ring opening of the solid phase bound cyclotriphosphate with an increased 3 h reaction time to give F-TAG-RNA; and 2 mL of a 0.1 M solution of 11-azido-3,6,9-trioxaundecan-1-amine in dry acetonitrile for 3 h was used to give N₃-TAG-pppRNA. The following deprotection steps are identical with those given in the detailed description for DecNHpppRNA in Example 1.

F-TAG-RNA and N3-TAG-RNA analytical data (see FIG. 10):

(the RNA sequence in these examples is 5′-GACGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUU)

Mass Time required measured for complete HPLC by P-N cleavage retention Calculated MALDI, at pH 3.8 time* Mass, Da Da at 60° C. F-TAG-pppRNA 15.1 min 8287.74 8290.30 70 min N3-TAG-ppRNA   11 min 8033.20 8033.92 70 min *PRP-1 column 0-100% B in 20 min (A = 100 mM Triethylammoniumbicarbonate (TEAB), B = 100 mM TEAB 80% MeOH)

pppRNA oligonucleotides containing fluorous tags (F-TAG-pppRNA) can be purified using commercial “fluorous” cartridges, or fluorous HPLC columns which enable the exploitation of the strong nonconvalent interaction between perfluorinated alkyl chains. The gamma azide modified pppRNA derivatives (N3-TAG-pppRNA) can be covalently bound to commercially available propyne modified solid phases by RNA compatible versions of the copper(I)-catalysed-alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction (click chemistry). This procedure enables the purification of highly structured pppRNA sequences because in the resin bound form denaturing conditions can be applied to remove non-triphosphorylated by-products.

Upon acid hydrolysis both F-TAG-RNA and N3-TAG-RNA release the pppRNA end product with comparable kinetics to the simple P—N alkyl amide as described in FIG. 5.

EXAMPLE 3

Variation of the RP-HPLC Elution Position of Tag-pppRNA by n-alkyl Capture Tags of Increasing Chain Length

Besides the n-decyl-tag described in Example 1, aliphatic n-alkyl residues with longer chain lengths (C₁₂, C₁₄, C₁₈) can be used to increase the retention time of the Tag-pppRNA product during RP-HPLC purification enabling an efficient separation from impurities that do not contain the tag. N-dodecyl-NH-pppRNA, n-tetradecyl-NH-pppRNA and n-octadecyl-NH-pppRNA can be prepared following the procedure described in example 1 by variation of step 8: A 0.1 M solution of n-alkylamine (n-dodecylamine, n-tetradecylamine or n-octadecylamine) in dry CH₂Cl₂ is prepared and 2 mL of the solution is brought in contact with the support in the column. The alkylamine solution is pushed to and fro through the support. After a contact time of 3 h an additional washing step with 2 mL of CH₂Cl₂ is required prior to continuing with the next workup steps.

Analytical Data:

Mass Time for RP-HPLC* measured complete P-N retention Calculated by MALDI cleavage at pH time (min) Mass (Da) (Da) 3.8 at 60° C. C12-NH-pppRNA 15.5 7995.7 7999.2 70 min C14-NH-pppRNA 17.3 8023.7 8028.1 70 min C18-NH-pppRNA 19.7 8079.8 8082.2 70 min gives >80% product *PRP-1 column 0-100% B in 20 min (A = 100 mM Triethylammoniumbicarbonate, B = 100 mM TEAB 80% MeOH)

FIG. 11 shows the RP-HPLC analysis of pppRNA and n-alkyl-NH-pppRNAs with alkyl residues of increasing chain length. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of preparing an oligonucleotide of formula (I),

wherein V₁, V₃ and V₅ are independently selected from the group consisting of O, S and Se; V₂, V₄ and V₆ are independently selected from the group consisting of OH, OR¹, SH, SR¹, F, NH₂, NHR¹, N(R¹)₂ and BH₃ ⁻M⁺, W₁ is O or S, W₂ is O, S, NH or NR², W₃ is O, S, NH, NR², CH₂, CHHal or C(Hal)₂, R¹, R² and R³ are selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₂₋₆ acyl and a cyclic group, each substituted or unsubstituted, or wherein two R¹ may form a ring together with an N-atom bound thereto, M⁺is a cation, X is NH, NR³, O or S, Z represents a capture tag which is a C₈₋₂₄ alkyl residue, a perfluoroalkyl entity, an azide, an alkynyl group, a chemical entity containing an amino group in an NH₂—Y—XH type reagent, a chloroformate group, a lipidic residue, or a first partner of a non-covalent binding pair which has a binding constant of 10⁻⁶ l/mol or less to its complementary binding partner, wherein said first partner is selected from the group consisting of biotin, desthiobiotin, a hapten, and an antigen, and the complementary binding partner is a streptavidin, an avidin, or an antibody, Y represents a bond or a linker connecting the capture tag to X, and ON represents an oligonucleotide comprising at least 4 nucleotides or nucleotide analogue building blocks, comprising the steps: (a) reacting a compound of formula (lla)

with an oxidizing agent to obtain a compound of formula (llb)

(b) reacting a compound of formula (llb) with a capture tag agent of formula (lll), Z—Y—XH   (lll) to obtain a reaction product comprising the oligonucleotide of formula (I), and (c) contacting the reaction product of step (b) with a capture reagent capable of interacting with the capture tag, wherein the contacting takes place under conditions which allow separation of the oligonucleotide (I) from other species contained in said reaction product.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein Y is an alkylene linker, or an aralkylene linker selected from the group consisting of (i) an alkylene linker, or an aralkylene linker comprising heteroatoms or heteroatom containing groups, (ii) an alkylene linker, or an aralkylene linker comprising C═C or C≡C bonds, and (iii) an alkylene linker, or an aralkylene linker comprising both heteroatoms or heteroatom containing groups, and C═C or C≡C bonds.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the heteroatom containing groups are selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH, C═O, and C═S.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein Y is a polyalkylene oxide linker selected from (i) a poly—C₂—C₆—alkylene oxide, (ii) a poly—C₂—C₃—alkylene oxide, (iii) a linker with a number average molecular weight in the range of 30-800 g/mol, and (iv) a linker which is [—CH₂CHR⁴—O—]_(n), wherein n is 1-10, and R⁴ represents H or C₁₋₆—alkyl.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein Y is —CH₂—CH₂—[(O—CH₂CH₂)]₃—.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein Z is a lipidic residue selected from cholesteryl and tocopheryl.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein Z is a perfluoralkyl entity selected from a 4-(1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyl)benzyl and 3-(perfluorooctyl)propyl residue.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein Z—Y—X is propargylamino.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the capture tag and the capture reagent capable of interacting therewith are selected from: (i) a hydrophobic or fluorinated group and a chromatographic material with affinity for hydrophobic or fluorinated groups; (ii) a first partner of a non-covalent binding pair and a second partner of a non-covalent binding pair, and (iii) a first partner of a covalent binding pair and a second partner of a covalent binding pair, where the first and second partner form covalent bonds.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the triphosphate/triphosphate analogue group is attached to the 5′-terminus of the oligonucleotide.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the triphosphate/triphosphate analogue group is attached to the 5′-OH-group of the 5′-terminal sugar thereof.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step: (d) removing the capture tag to obtain an oligonucleotide of formula (IV):

 wherein V₁, V₃, V₅, V₂, V₄, V₆, W₁, W₂, W₃ and ON are as defined in claim
 1. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the oligonucleotide is selected from desoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogues.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the oligonucleotide is single-stranded or double stranded.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the oligonucleotide is double-stranded and the duplex is closed by a loop at the distal end thereof, wherein the loop comprises nucleotide and/or non-nucleotide building blocks.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the oligonucleotide is double-stranded and the duplex is blunt-ended at the proximal end thereof.
 17. Oligonucleotide of Formula (I), obtainable by a method comprising (a) reacting a compound of formula (lla)

with an oxidizing agent to obtain a compound of formula (llb)

(b) reacting a compound of formula (llb) with a capture tag agent of formula (lll), Z—Y—XH   (lll) to obtain a reaction product comprising the oligonucleotide of formula (I), and (c) contacting the reaction product of step (b) with a capture reagent capable of interacting with the capture tag, wherein the contacting takes place under conditions which allow separation of the oligonucleotide (I) from other species contained in said reaction product, wherein V₁, V₃, V₅, V₂, V₄, V₆, W₁, W₂, W₃, X, Y, Z and ON are defined as in claim 1, and wherein X, Z and Y are defined as in claim
 1. 18. A kit for preparing an oligonucleotide of formula (I)

wherein V₁, V₃, V₅, V₂, V₄, V₆, W₁, W₂, W₃, X, Y, Z and ON are defined in claim 1, wherein the kit comprises: (a) a capture tag agent of formula (lll) Z—Y—XH   (III) wherein X, Z and Y are defined as in claim 1, and (b) a capture reagent capable of interacting with the capture tag. 